What are malformations of the cervix, uterus and vulva?

Dysplasia refers to abnormal cell growth and in gynaecology it most commonly occurs in the cervix or vulva. 

Crawl dysplasia: It refers to abnormal cells found on the surface of the cervix during a Pap test. These abnormal cells can be classified as low grade or high grade, depending on the degree of dysplasia. Cervical dysplasia is usually caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and can develop into cervical cancer if left untreated.

Dysplasia of the vulva: It refers to abnormal cell growth in the vulva, the external genital organs of the female reproductive system. Vulvar dysplasia can appear as white or red patches on the skin and can develop into vulvar cancer if left untreated. The diagnosis of dysplasia in the cervix or vulva usually involves a tissue biopsy to examine the cells in question. Treatment may vary depending on the severity and location of the dysplasia, but may include surgical removal of the affected tissue, drugs to destroy abnormal cells, or close monitoring to ensure that the dysplasia does not develop into cancer.

What are the most common symptoms caused by cervical and vulvar malformations?

Symptoms of cervical and vulvar dysplasia may vary depending on the severity and location of the abnormal cells. However, in many cases, there may be no obvious symptoms. When symptoms are present, they may include:

• Abnormal vaginal bleeding: This may include spotting between periods, heavy or prolonged periods or bleeding after sexual intercourse.
• Pain during sexual intercourse: Women with dysplasia may experience pain or discomfort during sexual intercourse.
• Vaginal secretion: Abnormal vaginal discharge that may be bloody, smelly or different in colour or consistency from the usual.
• Pelvic pain:  Women with dysplasia may experience pain or discomfort in the pelvic area.

It is important to note that many of these symptoms can be caused by other conditions, so you should consult your gynaecologist if you experience unusual symptoms. The Pap test can help detect cervical dysplasia before symptoms appear.

What are the causes and risk factors for cervical and vulvar malformations?

 Some common risk factors include:

• Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: Certain strains of HPV, a sexually transmitted infection, can cause cervical dysplasia and increase the risk of vulvar dysplasia.
• Weakened immune system: Women with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or who have undergone an organ transplant, may be at increased risk of developing dysplasia.
• Smoking: Smoking is a known risk factor for cervical dysplasia and can also increase the risk of vulvar dysplasia.
• Age: Older women are more likely to develop uterine dysplasia.
• Genetics: Some women may be genetically predisposed to develop dysplasia.
• Sexual history: Women who have had multiple sexual partners or who started having sex at a young age may be at increased risk of developing dysplasia.
• Use of oral contraceptives: Some studies have suggested that long-term oral contraceptive use may increase the risk of cervical dysplasia.

It is important to note that the presence of one or more of these risk factors does not necessarily mean that a woman will develop dysplasia. The Pap test can help detect dysplasia early, when it is most treatable.

How are cervical and vulvar malformations diagnosed?

Malformations of the cervix and vulva are usually diagnosed through a combination of clinical and laboratory tests.

→ Pelvic examination: Your gynaecologist may perform a pelvic examination to check for any visible signs of dysplasia.

→ Pap test: The Pap test is a test that involves collecting cells from the cervix and examining them for abnormal changes. It can help detect cervical dysplasia before it develops into cancer.

→ Colposcopy: If abnormal cells are found during the Pap test, a colposcopy may be performed. This involves using a special magnifying instrument to examine the cervix, vagina or vulva for any abnormal areas.

→ Biopsy: If abnormal tissue is seen during a colposcopy, a biopsy may be performed. This involves removing a small section of tissue for laboratory analysis to determine the extent and severity of the dysplasia.

How are cervical and vulvar malformations treated?

Treatment for cervical and vulvar malformations depends on the severity of the condition and the location of the abnormal cells. Treatment options may include:

→ Monitoring: In some cases, especially for mild dysplasia, your doctor may recommend close monitoring of the condition without immediate treatment.

→ LOP: This procedure involves the use of a thin wire loop to remove the abnormal tissue from the cervix. It is often used to treat moderate to severe cervical dysplasia.

→ Cryotherapy: Cryotherapy involves the cold destruction of abnormal tissue with a special tool. This can be an effective treatment for mild to moderate cervical or vulvar dysplasia.

→ Laser treatment: It involves the use of a laser to remove the abnormal tissue. It can be used to treat malformation of the cervix, vulva or vagina.

→ Surgery: In some cases, more extensive surgery may be needed to remove the abnormal tissue. This may be necessary if the malformation is severe or if it has spread beyond the cervix or vulva.

→ Medicines: In some cases, topical or oral medications may be used to treat dysplasia. These may include topical creams or gels that aim to destroy abnormal cells or boost the immune system. It is important for women to work closely with their doctor to determine the best treatment plan for their individual needs. Regular monitoring and screening may be needed to ensure that the dysplasia does not recur.