The cancer of the vagina is a rare type of cancer that develops in the tissues of the vagina. The vagina is the muscular tube that connects the cervix (the lower part of the uterus) to the external genitalia (vulva). Vaginal cancer can occur at any age, but it is most often diagnosed in women over 60. There are several types of vaginal cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma (the most common type), adenocarcinoma and sarcoma. Vaginal cancer can be aggressive and can spread to nearby tissues and organs if left untreated.

What are the types of vaginal cancer?

There are different types of vaginal cancer, such as:

→ Squamous cell carcinoma: This is the most common type of vaginal cancer and accounts for about 80% of cases. It grows from the thin, flat cells that line the surface of the vagina.

→ Adenocarcinoma: This type of vaginal cancer develops from glandular cells in the vagina.

→ Clear cell carcinoma: This is a rare type of vaginal cancer that is usually associated with exposure to a drug called diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy.

→ Sarcoma: This is a rare type of vaginal cancer that grows in the connective tissue or muscles of the vagina.

→ Melanoma: This is a rare type of vaginal cancer that develops from the cells that produce pigment in the skin of the vagina.

→ Other types of vaginal cancer: These include lymphoma, small cell carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma.

What are the causes and risk factors for developing vaginal cancer?

The exact cause of vaginal cancer is not known, but certain factors can increase a woman's risk of developing this type of cancer. Some of the risk factors for vaginal cancer include:

• Age: Vaginal cancer is more common in women over 60 years of age.
• HPV infection: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted infection that can increase the risk of developing vaginal cancer.
• Smoking: Women who smoke are at increased risk of developing vaginal cancer.
• History of cervical cancer: Women who have had cervical cancer are at higher risk of developing vaginal cancer.
• Ιatrial vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN): VAIN is a precancerous condition that can increase the risk of developing vaginal cancer.
• History of exposure to DES: Women exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) while in utero are at increased risk of developing a rare type of vaginal cancer.
• Weakened immune system: Women with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV or who have had an organ transplant, are at increased risk of developing vaginal cancer.

It is important to note that the presence of one or more risk factors does not mean that a woman will develop vaginal cancer and some women with no known risk factors may develop this type of cancer.

What are the most common symptoms caused by vaginal cancer?

Symptoms of vaginal cancer may vary depending on the stage and location of the cancer. Some of the most common symptoms include:

• Abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding between periods, after sex or after menopause.
• Pain during sex or vaginal intercourse.
• Unusual vaginal discharge that may be watery, bloody or smelly.
• Pain in the pelvic area or lower back.
• A lump in the vagina that can be felt during a pelvic examination.
• Urinary symptoms such as frequent urination, painful urination or blood in the urine.
• Bowel symptoms such as constipation, diarrhoea or blood in the stools.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any of these symptoms, as they may be caused by vaginal cancer or other conditions that require immediate treatment.

How is vaginal cancer diagnosed?

Vaginal cancer can be diagnosed through a variety of ways such as:

Pelvic examination: During a pelvic exam, your doctor will examine your vagina, cervix, uterus, ovaries and rectum for any abnormalities or signs of cancer.

Colposcopy: This is a procedure in which a special magnifying device is used to examine the vagina and cervix for abnormal cells.

Biopsy: During a biopsy, a small piece of tissue is removed from the vagina or cervix and examined under a microscope for signs of cancer.

Imaging tests: Imaging tests such as CT scans, MRIs and PET scans can be used to determine the extent and location of the cancer.

Pap test: The Pap test can be used to detect abnormal cells in the vagina or cervix that may be indicative of cancer.

HPV test: This test can detect the presence of the human papillomavirus (HPV) in the vagina, which is a risk factor for developing vaginal cancer. Ε

How is vaginal cancer treated?

Treatment for vaginal cancer depends on a number of factors, including the type and stage of the cancer, the woman's general health and her personal preferences. The main treatment options for vaginal cancer include:

→ Surgical exception: The cancerous tissue is removed along with a piece of healthy tissue around it. This can be done for small to medium sized tumours that have not spread beyond the vagina.

→ Radiotherapy: Radiotherapy involves the use of high-energy beams to kill cancer cells. It can be used alone or in combination with surgery, depending on the stage and location of the cancer. 

→ Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. It can be used alone or in combination with surgery and radiotherapy.

→ Targeted treatment: Targeted therapy involves the use of drugs that target specific proteins or genes that contribute to the growth and spread of cancer cells. In some cases, a combination of these treatments may be used. Palliative care may also be provided in advanced stages to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.