Cervical and vulvar dysplasias are cellular changes that, if not detected and treated in time, can develop into precancerous or cancerous lesions. Early diagnosis and monitoring, with the help of specialized examinations such as colposcopy, is the key factor in prevention.

What are cervical and vulvar malformations?

Dysplasias are abnormal changes in the epithelial cells of the cervix or vulva, which are primarily associated with infection by the HPV (Human Papillomavirus), especially the high-risk types associated with the occurrence of cancer.

They are distinguished into:

• Low-grade (CIN 1 or VIN 1): They usually subside automatically.
• High-grade (CIN 2–3 or VIN 2–3): They carry a higher risk of malignant progression and require therapeutic intervention.

What are the symptoms to watch out for?

In most cases, the malformations do not cause symptoms. However, in more advanced lesions, the following may occur:

• Bleeding outside of menstruation or after sexual intercourse
• Unusual vaginal discharge
• Discomfort or pain during sexual intercourse

The absence of symptoms makes preventive examination necessary.

THE colposcopy is the main diagnostic method for identifying malformations. Using a special microscope (colposcope), the gynecologist accurately examines the cervix and the vulva area, identifying suspicious lesions.

If necessary, a targeted biopsy is performed for histological confirmation and determination of the degree of dysplasia.

What is the treatment for malformations?

Treatment depends on the degree of dysplasia, age, desire to have children, and the patient's general condition.

▸ Low-grade dysplasia (CIN 1 / VIN 1):

• They are usually monitored with repeat colposcopy and Pap smears, as the majority regress without treatment.

▸ High-grade dysplasia (CIN 2–3 / VIN 2–3):

• LEEP (Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure): Excision of pathological tissue with an electrosurgical bronchus.
• Cone resection (conization): Removal of part of the cervix with a scalpel or laser.
• Topical treatments or excision for VIN: They include removal of the lesions or application of immunoactive agents.

Treatment is individualized and determined by the gynecologist based on the patient's history and needs.

Prevention and tips for cervical and vaginal health

Prevention of dysplasia and, by extension, cervical and vulvar cancer includes:

• HPV vaccination, preferably before the start of sexual intercourse
• Regular Pap test
• Colposcopy, where appropriate
• Use of condoms
• Avoiding smoking, which is associated with an increased risk of persistent HPV infection

Conclusion

Early diagnosis and treatment of cervical and vulvar malformations is crucial for the prevention of more serious diseases, such as cancer. Regular monitoring by a gynecologist and preventive examinations offer safety and protection. Taking care of gynecological health is an essential element of the overall well-being of every woman.