Vaginal cancer is a rare but serious gynecological disease. Although it occurs mainly in older women, prevention and early diagnosis can significantly reduce the risk of its occurrence. In this article, we present the causes, risk factors and basic prevention strategies that contribute to maintaining vaginal health.

What is vaginal cancer?

Vaginal cancer is a malignant tumor that develops in the cells of the vaginal wall. There are several types, with squamous cell carcinoma being the most common. Some types of vaginal cancer are associated with infections with the human papillomavirus (HPV), while other risk factors include exposure to chemicals or hormonal disruptions.

What are the risk factors?

Vaginal cancer can occur due to various risk factors, such as:

• Long-term infection with the HPV virus.
• Weak immune system: Such as in cases of HIV or immunosuppressive therapy.
• History of cervical cancer.
• Advanced age: Most cases occur in women over 60 years of age.
• Exposure to DES (diethylstilbestrol): Women who were exposed to this hormone during intrauterine life are at increased risk.

What are the symptoms of vaginal cancer?

The symptoms of vaginal cancer can be vague in the early stages. If you notice the following, it is important to consult your gynecologist immediately:

• Bleeding outside of menstruation or after menopause.
• Unusual vaginal discharge.
• Pain during sexual intercourse.
• A lump or ulcer in the vaginal area.

Preventive strategies to reduce risk

Prevention is the key to protecting against vaginal cancer. Here are the most important strategies:

1. HPV vaccination: The vaccine protects against strains of HPV that are linked to vaginal and cervical cancer. It is most effective when given before sexual activity begins, but it can also benefit adult women.
2. Regular gynecological examinations:
   • Annual Pap smears can help in the early detection of precancerous lesions in the cervix or vagina.
   • Colposcopy is also a useful tool for diagnosing suspicious areas.
3. Avoid smoking: Smoking weakens the immune system and increases the risk of developing HPV-related cancer.
4. Protection during sexual intercourse:
   • Using condoms reduces the chance of infection with HPV and other sexually transmitted diseases.
   • Limiting the number of sexual partners can reduce the risk of infection.
5. Strengthening the immune system:
   • Adopt a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables and antioxidants.
   • Engage in regular physical exercise.
6. Early treatment of precancerous lesions:
   • If precancerous changes are diagnosed in the vagina or cervix, early treatment can prevent cancer from developing.

How is diagnosis and treatment done?

Diagnosis of vaginal cancer includes a clinical examination, Pap test, colposcopy, and biopsy of suspicious lesions. Treatment depends on the stage of the cancer and may include:

• Surgical removal of the tumor.
• Radiotherapy: It is used to eliminate cancer cells.
• Chemotherapy: In advanced stages.

Conclusion

Prevention of vaginal cancer is based on information, adopting healthy habits and regular monitoring by the gynecologist. HPV vaccination and early diagnosis can dramatically reduce the risk of developing the disease and increase the chances of successful treatment. If you notice any worrying symptoms, contact your doctor immediately. Protecting gynecological health starts with information and action.